“Nature is declining globally at rates unprecedented in human history – and the rate of species extinctions is accelerating, with grave impacts on people around the world now likely,” begins the summary of the 1,500-page report from the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES).
Comprised of research and analyses by hundreds of experts from 50 countries and based on 15,000 scientific and government sources, the report is the most comprehensive assessment of its kind. While the full report will be released later in the year, the summary of its findings is out now; it was approved by the United States and 131 other countries.
And what it reveals is very grim.
“The overwhelming evidence of the IPBES Global Assessment, from a wide range of different fields of knowledge, presents an ominous picture,” said IPBES Chair, Sir Robert Watson. “The health of ecosystems on which we and all other species depend is deteriorating more rapidly than ever. We are eroding the very foundations of our economies, livelihoods, food security, health and quality of life worldwide.”
The authors found that around one million animal and plant species are now facing extinction, many within decades, more than ever before in human history – thanks to impacts that our species is perpetuating,. Much of the destruction is linked to food and energy; tellingly, these trends have been "less severe or avoided in areas held or managed by Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities."
While climate change may seem like the most pressing issue, the authors ranked the most destructive forces – and climate change came in third. They list five direct drivers of change in nature with the largest relative global impacts so far.
(1) changes in land and sea use;
(2) direct exploitation of organisms;
(3) climate change;
(4) pollution and
(5) invasive alien species.
Three-quarters of the land-based environment and about 66 percent of the marine environment have been “severely altered” by human actions.
More than a third of the world’s land surface and nearly 75 percent of freshwater resources are now devoted to crop or livestock production.
Raw timber harvest has risen by 45 percent and some 60 billion tons of renewable and nonrenewable resources are now extracted globally every year – having nearly doubled since 1980.
Land degradation has reduced the productivity of 23 percent of the global land surface, up to US$577 billion in annual global crops are at risk from pollinator loss and 100-300 million people are at increased risk of floods and hurricanes because of loss of coastal habitats and protection.
Plastic pollution has increased tenfold since 1980, 300-400 million tons of heavy metals, solvents, toxic sludge and other wastes from industrial facilities are dumped annually into the world’s waters, and fertilizers entering coastal ecosystems have produced more than 400 ocean ‘dead zones,’ totaling more than 245,000 km2 - a combined area greater than that of the United Kingdom.
The summary lists a number of categories that the report addresses. The extinction statistics are especially sobering:
Up to 1 million species are threatened with extinction, many within decades
500,000 of the world’s estimated 5.9 million terrestrial species have insufficient habitat for long term survival without habitat restoration
40 percent of amphibian species are threatened with extinction
Almost 33 percent of reef forming corals, sharks and shark relatives, and 33 percent of marine mammals threatened with extinction
25 percent of species are threatened with extinction across terrestrial, freshwater and marine vertebrate, invertebrate and plant groups that have been studied in sufficient detail
At least 680 vertebrate species have been driven to extinction by human actions since the 16th century
10 percent of insect species estimated to be threatened with extinction
20 decline in average abundance of native species in most major terrestrial biomes, mostly since 1900
560 domesticated breeds of mammals that will be extinct by 2016, with at least 1,000 more threatened
“Biodiversity and nature’s contributions to people are our common heritage and humanity’s most important life-supporting ‘safety net.' But our safety net is stretched almost to breaking point,” said Prof. Sandra Díaz, who co-chaired the Assessment.
Land being converted to agriculture was the top driver of negative impact: The report notes:
100 million hectares of tropical forest were lost from 1980 to 2000, resulting mainly from cattle ranching in Latin America (about 42 million hectares) and plantations in South-East Asia (about 7.5 million hectares, of which 80 percent is for palm oil, used mostly in food, cosmetics, cleaning products and fuel) among others.
“The Report also tells us that it is not too late to make a difference, but only if we start now at every level from local to global,” Watson said. “Through ‘transformative change,’ nature can still be conserved, restored and used sustainably – this is also key to meeting most other global goals. By transformative change, we mean a fundamental, system-wide reorganization across technological, economic and social factors, including paradigms, goals and values.”
